What Makes a Successful Situation Comedy

Introduction A situation comedy is a comic television series composed of episodes or scenes involving similar group of characters dealing with an issue, abnormal situation and many other scenes that may arise1. The short form of situation comedy is sitcom. This is usually accompanied by jokes as part of a conversation. A successful situation comedy is one that has high frequency of laughter.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes a Successful Situation Comedy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The frequency can be three to four times in a minute. Therefore, situation comedies make us fulfill our desires to be happy. It is also concerned with the way we often lose the desire to be happy and lose our direction because of unreasonable fears and desires that are misled. They show how the central conflict of human life is played out by between people. Situation comedies give its audience several kinds of satisfacti ons2. Several ingredients make a successful situation comedy. These important components must all be present in any situation comedy that can be termed as successful. The ingredients are character creation, titles themes, situations and locations, pace, irregular expressions and epilogue. The strength or clarity of these ingredients may vary from one comedy to another3. These ingredients can be discussed as follows: Character creation This is the most important factor in a successful situation comedy. Development of the way in which a given character behaves and relates with other characters and their environment is called character creation (characterization)4. In a situation comedy, there are many, several facets of characterization. This comprise of: An individual character Each character is given different attributes describing their past and present behavior. In a situation comedy, the future behavior of a character is not clearly developed. However, the knowledge of the future attributes of the character is very important in order for one to guess what is to come next. This knowledge may vary on the level of â€Å"most probable† to â€Å"most unlikely.† It is important to develop a list of attributes of the characters, but one should be cautious enough not to exaggerate. In this case, people are not interested in the internal personality of a character but the external persona.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this kind of comedy, the author briefly highlights character even if the author has a thorough knowledge of the character. It is also necessary to consider a favourable character in this kind of comedy for instance Tony Hancock whose background was briefly highlighted in the comedy Hancock’s Half Hour.5 It is not mandatory for characters in this kind of comedy to fit best into situations concerned appropriately. Thi s is because the outcome may be funnier due to the misfit of the character into the situation. For instance, the 23 Railway Cuttings, East Cheam was sometimes understood being the property of the council, but in many occasions a private landlord was in-charge6. The relationship of a character with other characters A successful situation comedy deals with more than one character operating in any environment. The presence of more than one character is the main vehicle to cause humour. This enables one to see how a character interacts with another character and the response of other characters. This response of other characters may be verbal or through action7. Status A successful situation comedy must also have varying status. These statuses may be imaginary or real. There may also be state of conflict and its resolution. Insults There is usually a tendency of those characters who seek status to be rude, insulting or unpleasant. However, this may not be the case in all situation comed ies that are successful. Each one of the audience during a successful situation comedy will try to identify with at least some part of these characters, their behavior or problems they pass through, even though such behaviors may be considered awkward in real life situations. The insults in this kind of comedy will always come out spontaneous and amusing. The insults may also result into a nervous laugh8. Responding to insults The manner in which a character responds to insults determines the quality of a situation comedy. In a successful sitcom, the receiver does not take the insult as a personal affront. For instance, a receiver of an insult may respond by hitting the issuer like in the comedy Fawlty Towers series Sybil was overwhelmed by the diatribes of Basil.9Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes a Successful Situation Comedy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another important ingredient under charact erization is the temperament characters. This is where the author tells of how the character behaves most of the time. It does not describe the character’s intelligence, beliefs, social position, physical attributes and such like things. The temperament characteristics of a given character may be ranked as strong, medium or weak. In a situation comedy, one needs to ensure that the specific character posses a mixture of attributes with varying degrees10. For instance in the case of a strong attributes we can talk of a character who is childish, grasping, talkative, and unscrupulous. While, in the case of weakness, we can talk of a character that is resigned, secretive, touchy, and talkative. This method should be able to produce characters suitable for a particular situation. A situation comedy dominated by characters of almost the same character will not be interesting to the audience11. For instance in the comedy Hancock’s Half Hour there is only one Sid type and one Hancock type. The comedy should have at least one strong type, more than two weak types, and a few normal types of characters. The laughter usually comes from the antics of the strong types as they try to interact with other characters. In most cases, the author tries to develop strong characters that experience frustrating, childish, pointless, off-beam, and depressing relationships. The type of speech and mannerism portrayed by a character also determines the quality of a situation comedy. The characters rarely laugh regardless of how hilariously they are found by the audience. This means that, in a good situation comedy, the characters will find no true enjoyment in the situations they face. In this case, you will find that the situation under consideration is one that the audience will have no difficulty dealing with but one character will be portrayed as being unable to deal with12. The character leading to inappropriate, stupid, delayed, or no action will misunderstand the nat ure of the problem. Things will always become worse before they are better in the sense that the character does not learn from experiences. This means that the character does not carry new life experiences forward to the next. Therefore, the audience is found laughing most of the time because they are able to predict accurately how worse the situation will become from simple beginnings of situations.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Title themes The choice of the title in a situation comedy determines how successful it will be. The title should represent something that is obvious and clear in the very first episode. In the comedy, Hancock’s Half Hour, it is clear from the title that whatever is under discussion is about time. Another ingredient of a successful comedy is the theme of the comedy. The theme describes well what the comedy is all about. For a situation comedy, designed to have many series the theme should be able to support a good number of humorous situations. If it cannot achieve such then, the theme might best fit a single comedy play. The description of the theme has little to tell about the humor of the work. A successful situation comedy cannot be made up of a theme that hints at improbable characters in situations that are unlikely. Situations Choice of situations also makes a good situation comedy. Situations are which characters face. Each situation stands for some kind of problem. T hese problems may be tough or trivial. Regardless of the situations, they create the need for taking a specific action. The characters take the best action possible to that situation even if it means ignoring the situations then that would mean that it is the best solution at that time. It is necessary for these situations to be funny13. In a situation comedy, situations are made funny when one of the characters is made to respond to them in a way that will seem inappropriate to the audience. The situation element snowballs and the characters become more and more troubled when the first action taken is inappropriate. This causes the characters to remain in trouble for most of the time or the rest of the episode. The author exploits several situations within an episode. Each situation in this case involves a subset of character. Multiple situations are made to start and end at different times in an episode. The author plays some elements of a situation as sequences of dreams, flash-f orwards or flashbacks. For instance in the comedy Fawlty Towers, the last page of this comedy shows that the problems that Basil faced cropped from the fact that he under stood in his mind that the pianist in the concert was the important guest14. However, it later turned to be the roll musician and the pink-haired rock. These attributes in the hotel clientele were unacceptable according to Basil. Then Sybil overrides Basil even though he wants to refuse a booking. The stress on Basil increased until he went pop. In a situation comedy, very few situations go deeper than the above. Locations Choice of location is critical to any situation comedy. A location is where characters are put. A successful situation comedy is set within four walls of the sitting room. This can be seen in the case of the palaces of the Sultan of Brunei. There should be a reason for changing characters from one location to another. Economic use of the location can be seen in Fawlty Towers. In this comedy, an e pisode kicks with the Sybil lobbing with Basil. The audience knows very little about the other part of the hotel. The audience only knows about the exterior in this case. The audiences can occasional see Sybil and Basil’s room, but they cannot exactly pinpoint the location of the room. Successful situation comedies have interior sets. When an interior set turns into an exterior set, then the audience can only view events in the absence of dialogue. The only thing that can be heard in an exterior situation is background music and some sound effects. Pace Every successful situation comedy must operate at a considerable pace. Pace is a recipe for generating a substantial number of laughs in a successful comedy15. It is not easy to create humor in the event of prolonged silence and idleness (characters sitting about doing nothing) of the characters. For there to exist laughs in the comedy there must be something is in progress or that is being said. Pace implies speed, but it is important to spread evenly the available elements of humor through the entire period of each humor. A successful situation comedy does not need humor to be bunched at the beginning or at the end16. Such a scenario does not hold the attention of the audience. A successful sitcom will always have same pace in all its episodes. Any consideration of a serious series idea must stand up well to the question on whether such sidesplitting material can be produced in three hours in the case of the six half hour episodes of the orthodox British format. Hancock proved himself as master of comic timing, instinctively knowing how long a pause should take there to be a maximum effect. Irregular expressions The dialogue lines spoken by improbable characters working their way through difficult situations is not the only source of humor in a situation comedy but, a combination of it with other elements. Most of the giggling in a situation comedy may arise from the gestures made by characters, verbal tics, and facial expressions, unexpected noises off together with other things to do with the manner in which dialogue is delivered or the physical action. These are called irregular expressions. They include breeding, double take, hypochondria, and phobias, jumping the gun, malapropism, and mispronunciation, noises off, quick thinking, silly laughs, speech impediments, slow dawning, and tics. Breeding comprises such elements as ‘one of this’, ‘Yah,’ ‘Yah’ plus many other high level vocalizations achieved by mispronouncing some English like ‘ou’ sounds like ‘doubt’, ‘about’ will become ‘a bite,’ and ‘clout’ becomes ‘clite’ and so on. People with breeding wear their clothes in a funny way like rolling up sleeves. Double take is a kind of quick dawning that is very useful in a situation comedy. A hypochondrium is where people are worried of some aspects of their health , with a substantial reason. This may result into amusement because of doing it at different times. Watching another person removes our own fears. Phobias represent fear of doing something in a character. This may be fear of insects, flying, darkness, boarding a speedy vehicle, and elevators. These result into nervous laughter when watched. Incorrect anticipation of what someone is going to say is known as jumping the gun. This may happen in such a way that you rush to say something or attempt unsuccessfully to act in a certain manner before it is necessary or the right time reaches. This makes a situation comedy to be more interesting. Malapropism is the use of muddled speech. It is used in characters that are intended to appear to be drunk. It can also be used on characters that have a high status and their status needs to be lowered17. Mispronunciation can be used to lower self-esteem of a character. This is used when the author wants to convey a good education. When used in the right situation noises off can be used to cause laughing. Noises off may be in the form of revving of engines, shouts, the crash of a falling crockery, tires screeching, footsteps, bed room sounds, announcements from public address systems, barking doors, closing and opening of distant doors, foghorn of a ship, blaring Hi-fi, and many other sounds. Silly laughs can be interesting and infectious. Hasty and not well thought kind of thinking can be referred to as quick thinking. A quick thinker can in most cases find himself or herself making a silly mistake that can stir up laughter. Slow dawning is displayed by varying facial expressions. It is mainly used when some event or fact is familiar to the audience. The act of doing things out of conscious when one is talking is known as tics18. These things may include rubbing the nose, scratching the nose, twitching, pulling the ears, looking at the ceiling while rolling the eyeball, or jangling key or money. Depending on the characterâ₠¬â„¢s social background, pictures can be expressed in term of words and phrases such as ‘yeah,’ ‘I say’ and so on. In Hancock’s Half Hour, a marvelous talent for facial comedy was displayed by Hancock on the TV screen through the rolling of his eyes, lip sucking, concentrated increasing his brow, puffing of cheeks, suggested the magnitude of internal wrangling. Conclusion This discussion has touched on many issues as far as production of very successful situation comedy is concerned. It is good to understand that although, in the section under pace, it was noted that prolonged silence and inactivity would not introduce the aspect of fun to the audience, there are several situations in comedies, which have chuckled their way through such. This discussion has also focused more on Hancock’s half hour and Fawlty Tower to draw various aspects. The main reason here is that the two contained everything that makes a comedy successful. Such things incl uded a superb contained location, character mix, wide appeal for audience, easy to follow situations, enough humor, pathos, status, pace, slapstick, human interactions that can be recognized, caricature, and life struggles that have no resolutions. These make a series of episodes more interesting and one can be able to watch them more than one time. The title of Fawlty Towers comedy set out the objective of a situation comedy. This was achieved through identifying what makes a situation comedy very successful. Therefore, the way a comedy has been successful done before is just a road map of how one might approach it in later days. Bibliography Asplin, Richard. Gagged – A Thriller With Jokes. London: Arrow books, 2004. Goddard, P. ‘Hancock’s Half Hour: A Watershed in British Television Comedy’, in John Corner (ed.), Popular Television in Britain. BFI, 1991, pp. 75 – 87. Lewisohn, M. Radio Times’ Guide to TV Comedy. 2nd Ed. Revised. London: BBC Consumer Publishing, 2003. McCann, G. Fawlty Towers. London: Hodder Stoughton, 2007. . Footnotes 1 Goddard, P. ‘Hancock’s Half Hour: A Watershed in British Television Comedy’, in John Corner (ed.), Popular Television in Britain. BFI, 1991, p. 75. 2 Ibid., p. 76 3 Ibid., p.77. 4 Lewisohn, Mark â€Å"Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy†. (London: BBC Worldwide Ltd, 2003), p. 30. 5 Ibid., 33 6 Ibid., p.37. 7 Ibid., p.38 8 Ibid., p.41. 9 Peter Goddard, ‘Hancock’s Half Hour: A Watershed in British Television Comedy’, in John Corner (ed.), Popular Television in Britain. BFI, 1991, p. 82. 10 Ibid., p.83. 11 Ibid., 87. 12 Asplin, Richard. Gagged – A Thriller With Jokes.( London: Arrow books, 2004), p. 69. 13 Ibid., p.72. 14 Ibid., p.74. 15 McCann, Graham. Fawlty Towers. (London: Hodder Stoughton, 2007), p.46. 16 Ibid., p.49. 17 Ibid., p. 52. 18 Ibid., p. 54. This essay on What Makes a Successful Situation Comedy? was written and submitted by user Tomas Carlson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Causes Of World War I Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Causes Of World War I Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Causes Of World War I On August 1, 1914 one of the worlds greatest tragedies took place. In Harry F. Youngs article entitled, the Misunderstanding of August 1, 1914, Young tries to make sense of the days that took place before the Great War began. In his twenty-one-page article, Young uses many sources to explain the story that had so many twists and turns. The following is an essay examining the work of Harry Young and what really went on August 1, 1914. The main question that the author asks is what happened on August 1st? Young opens his article by saying: Austria had opened fire on Serbia; Russia had begun to mobilize the troops; Berlins ultimatum to St. Petersburg would expire at noon; France was prepared to support her tsarist ally; and so far Englands efforts to mediate had failed. There are very many different explanations that can be given to explain World War I. Predominantly, the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist would be one of the first explanations given. Another important note would be that at the time this spirit of nationalism was alive and well in the heart of Europe, particularly in the empire of Austria-Hungary. Another explanation given is that there was often confusion and conflict between the German ambassador Prince Lichnowsky and the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey. It was said that they were definite additions to the already crowded European tension. Prince Lichnowsky became an ambassador in London in 1912. He gained instant popularity with the people and was soon on friendly terms with Sir Edward Grey and Prime Minister Asquith. It is believed among historians particularly the author of this article that, both wartime governments found it necessary to accept and promote the idea that Licknowsky had misinterpreted what Grey was proposing to him. What Grey was proposing to him is further discussed later on in this paper. However, there was what seemed to be so much confusion and conflict in the European countries that it would be hard to believe that misunderstandings would not take place. In the article Young gives a day-by-day account leading up to August 1st and several days after. He even makes use of references from several documents that were recorded several years before the war, suggesting that the causes had been building up in Europe for quite sometime. Franks main belief is that confusion among Europeans was at the time rampant. So what happened that day? Some historians speculate that the idea of the war was brewing for sometime. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia suggests that hints of the war were evident as early as the Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Balkan Wars. Although the Young article makes no references to the above-sited as a cause, he does believe that Austria played a significant role in the war. Young mentions that on July 23, Serbia was given an ultimatum, which to some was described as unacceptable. With a Russia alliance guaranteed, the Serbs accepted some of the terms but simply dismissed most of them. The alliance upset many countries particularly Britain and France. Tensions were mounting. When Grey learned about this ultimatum, he was talking to all countries fearing that a war would soon break out. Grey was trying to spread the idea of postponed or limited military engagement What he wanted was to keep the possibility of peace alive by holding a conference. Wha t Grey basically wanted to do was to gather the four disinterested governments, which would consist of Britain, Germany, France and Italy. After assembling the countries Grey hoped to some how use them to mediate between the deadlocked Russia and Austria. Greys efforts were met with no success. After Greys attempts failed, the threat of war grew to be almost unbearable. Several of the European countries were pointing fingers and others were being blamed for governmental injustices. Troops from the major countries began entering foreign land and any hope that Grey had for a peaceful solution was fading away. The author speaks of the feeling of impending doom and how it had reached a peak on the morning of August 1st. Hours before the war officially broke out several frantic cable messages

Instrumentation System Assignment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instrumentation System Assignment - Lab Report Example The movement is then transduced into an electrical output. Finally, the signal conditioning is needed, depending on sensor and type of application. The Bourdon tubes are example of the major types of sensing elements; they are sealed and deflect in response to any applied pressure. The Pressure gauge is a self-contained indicator used in converting the detected process pressure into proportional mechanical motion of the pointer. The pressure transducer might be a combination of the sensor element of the gauge with mechanical-to-pneumatic with a power supply or mechanical-to-electrical converter. The system might have a signal conditioner for converting the transducer signal into a proportional standardized output. Transducer’s accuracy denotes the degree of conformity or agreement of the measured value in relation to an accepted standard; usually expressed in percentage of the actual or of the full-scale reading of the instrument; for the percentage-full-scale devices, the error increases proportionally as the absolute values of the measurement drop. The repeatability the bourdons transducer refers to the closeness to agreement in a number of consecutive physical measurements of the same given variable. Linearity refers to the measurement of the wellness the transducers output increase linearly with pressure increase. Hysteresis error is a phenomenon characterized by the same pressure process resulting from different output signals dependant on whether the present pressure is approached from higher or lower pressure. Digital pressure instrument contain microprocessors that have improved the built-in diagnostic capabilities; increased their accuracy by the introduction of digital compensation that reduces the sensors’ nonlinearities; and have the capability of communicating digitally with the host device in availing different parameters. The Bourdon tube has elliptical hollow tube, when there is pressure difference between the outside and inside the

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Econometric Project - Essay Example will use in-depth statistical analysis processes to create models relating the different observations, particularly that between gross weekly earnings (grmain1) and other observations such as age, sex, race, years of education and number of years in employment, among others. Correlation analysis will also be used to investigate the strength of the relationship observed between the dependent variable (gross weekly earnings) and other independent variables. A residual plot will be used to confirm the presence or absence of outliers, the plot will also indicate whether there were any particular areas where the model greatly under or over-predicted the relationship between unemployed persons and persons seeking employment. From the results, it is observed that othe sample consists of 7227 respondents. The mean income is obtained as 10.3 and this corresponds to an income category of  £300-350 per week. The standard deviation is obtained as 4.5 and this corresponds to an income category of  £100-125 per week. This implies that on average, the respondents’ salaries differ from the average earning by this amount. The STATA output shown indicates that the greatest proportion of respondents (20.23%) earn over  £600 per week followed by those that earn  £300 - 350 and  £250-300 with 9.5% and 9.2% respectively. Apart from persosn that do not earn anything, the income category of  £50-75 has the least number of respondents. It is observed that out of the 7227 respondents, 47% were male while the remaining 53% were female. These percentages correspond to 3398 and 3829 persons respectively. Observing these percentages, it is seen that both sexes made up approximately 50% of the sample. Further analysis of the data on sex in later sections of the paper will give further findings. The greatest proportion of respondents have â€Å"white british† ethnicity followed by â€Å"any other white background†. The two ethnicities account for almost 95% of all persons surveyed. This

Wk10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wk10 - Essay Example This research essay is an accountof educational technology use -- internet, presentation, and podcast technology -- within this organization, assesses its efficacy, and considers its shortcomings, One of the most pervading uses of educational technology in my institution is the use of the internet. Every teacher has a computer connected to the internet in their classroom and is required to check their school email daily for administrative announcements and parent, staff, or student emails. A number of teachers have begun implementing the internet in regards to lectures as well. While the school internet connection excludes use of YouTube videos, by submitting a request to the administration it is possible to get temporary access to specific video links. These videos have been incorporated into the broad spectrum of lesson planning, from as diverse subjects as home-economics cooking videos, to the watching of sports techniques in the physical education courses. I have witnessed YouTube videos employed as means of demonstrating historical events – Nixon/Kennedy Presidential debates, State of the Union addresses – as well as in analysis of music videos, or advertis ements. Chris O’Neal (http://www.edutopia.org/digital-generation-youtube-teaching-video) demonstrates that one need only do a brief user search to discover countless health education field videos on nutrition, exercise, or disease, all of them replete with upbeat music and editing that is able to maintain students’ attention spans where out-dated VHS or DVD public service presentations are not able or are not willing. YouTube has even been used in professional development at the institution. At departmental meeting a group of teachers presented on more effective means of constructing ‘word walls’ – these are walls of relevant terminology that go up in all the classroom. They opened their presentation with an attention grabbing video, and then proceeded

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure Surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in a patient with atrial situs solitus and interrupted inferior vena cava: report of 2 cases Key Words: Interrupted inferior vena cava, Situs solitus, Atrium septal defects, limited skin incision Abstract The occurrence of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) in setting of atrial situs solitus is relatively rare. Here, we reported two cases of the surgical closure of secundum atrium septal defects (ASDs) in patients with atrial situs solitus and an interrupted IVC. The first case was a 7-year-old boy with a secundum ASD without the posterior rim whose interrupted IVC and azygos continuation had been preoperatively diagnosed by the echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. The operation was safely performed using a large-sized venous drainage cannula from the superior vena cava (SVC). The second case was a 2-year-old boy with a secundum ASD without the superior rim whose interrupted IVC was not diagnosed at the preoperative examination. The operation was performed through a median partial sternotomy via a 5.0cm limited skin incision, so direct inspection of the SVC was not clearly obtained. A cardiopulmonary bypass was established using the recommended size of venous drainage ca nnulae; however, the SVC could not be removed without elevating the SVC pressure. As a result, the ASD was closed directly under sucking the venous return from the SVC without snaring it. Post-operative computed tomography detected an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation and a persistence of both supracardinal veins, known as a double IVC. Introduction Whereas an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) because of the absence of its hepatic segment is mainly noted in patients with heterotaxy syndrome, the occurrence of an interrupted IVC within the atrial situs solitus is reported as ranging from 0.08 to 0.1% [1,2,3]. In these patients, cardiac malformations are frequently associated, and the main types of abnormalities include atrial septal defects (ASDs, 10.5 %) and ventricular septal defects (7.5 %) [1]. Although this systemic venous anomaly provides no symptoms by itself, it seems to be relevant in cardiac surgery, especially in procedures that require approaches through the right atrium. Here, we reported two cases of the surgical closure of secundum ASD in patients with atrial situs solitus and interrupted IVC, focusing on perioperative findings and associated issues. Case Case 1 A clinically asymptomatic 7-year-old boy (body weight, 22 kg; height, 125 cm) with an ASD secundum, which was detected at the age of 10 months, was admitted for surgical closure of the lesion. Device ASD closure by catheter intervention was contraindicated because of the absence of the posterior rim. Preoperative echocardiography revealed an atrial sinus solitus with an 18 by 21-mm ASD secundum without the posterior rim and relative valvular pulmonary stenosis. Also, interrupted IVC was suspected because drainage of the IVC into the right atrium was not detected. Cardiac catheterization to assess the indication for surgical pulmonary valvotomy showed a systemic and pulmonary blood flow ratio of 3.14 and pull-buck pressure gradient of 10 mmHg from the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery. Furthermore, no hepatic segment of the IVC was detected; thus, an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation was confirmed (Fig. 1). Through the median full sternotomy, a cardiopulmonary bypass was established using arterial cannulation through ascending aorta perfusion with a 16-Fr cannula and venous drainage from the superior vena cava (SVC) and the hepatic vein using 28 and 20 Fr cannulae, whereas recommended cannulae sizes were 20 and 24 Fr, respectively. The ASD secundum was closed directly through the right atriotomy under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest. The operation was completed without any issues. Case 2 A clinically asymptomatic 2-year-old boy (body weight, 10 kg; height, 81 cm) had recently been diagnosed with a large ASD secundum without the superior rim. Further examination revealed an atrial sinus solitus, an 18 by 18-mm ASD secundum without the superior rim, and a bicuspid aortic valve. However, an interrupted IVC was not diagnosed. Through a median partial sternotomy via a limited skin incision (50mm in length), a cardiopulmonary bypass was established using arterial cannulation through ascending aorta perfusion with a 12-Fr cannula and venous drainage from the SVC and hepatic vein, although it was thought to be an IVC at that time, using the recommended sizes of 16 and 18 Fr cannulae. During the surgery, the SVC was attempted to be snared, but it could not be because of the elevating SVC pressure. The depth of cannula and the location of snaring were repeatedly changed without resolving this issue; therefore, the SVC was left without being snared. The ASD secundum was closed directly under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest with sucking the venous return from the SVC. Weaning off from cardiopulmonary bypass was uneventful, and the operation was completed without any issues. Post-operative computed tomography showed an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation and a persistence of both supracardinal ve ins, known as double IVC (Fig. 2). On medical check-up at the outpatient clinic one year after discharge, advanced sick sinus syndrome was detected by electrocardiography. 24-Hour Holter electrocardiography monitoring showed that the total number of heartbeats was 142,036 per day, 8 beats of isolated premature atrial contractions, and had no evidence of premature ventricular contractions or more than 2.5 seconds of sinus pose. Discussion Like the first presented case, an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation can usually be diagnosed by preoperative echocardiography [1], which can be easily treated at the establishment of a cardiopulmonary bypass by selecting adequately-sized venous cannulae. If it is not preoperatively diagnosed, direct intra-operative inspection usually makes the diagnosis possible. However, the cosmetic outcome must be taken into consideration during surgical ASD repair as well as secure defect closure after the popularization of percutaneous device closure, like in the second case. Therefore, a limited skin incision with partial sternotomy was selected for this patient, which unfortunately interrupted clear observation of the SVC. Selection of large sized SVC drainage cannula should have been considered first during inadequate venous drainage, however, which was deferred because the total cardiopulmonary bypass was easily established as long as the SVC was not snared. As is our policy, the IVC is not snared during the closing of the ASD secundum in order to obtain a certain identification of the posterior rim. Therefore, the tip of the IVC drainage cannula was positioned at the IVC around the right atrial junction for sufficient drainage of both the IVC and hepatic venous blood flow. As a result, such a maneuver enabled the establishment of a total cardiopulmonary bypass with small-sized SVC drainage cannula and eventually large â€Å"hepatic vein† cannula. As shown in Case 2, an anomalous IVC is known to accompany various rhythm disorders, though only a few cases have been reported [4,5]. One of the causes of rhythm disorders is the degeneration of the atrial muscle around the sinus node, which might occur as a result of a local volume overload on the sinus node by the presence of azygos continuation. Although the total number of heart beats was well maintained and more than 2.5 seconds of a sinus pose was not observed until now, a scheduled follow-up was mandatory for early detection of further advancement of the sinus node dysfunction. In summary, two surgical experiences of secundum ASD associated with an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation were reported. Under partial sternotomy via limited skin incision, precautions should be taken to detect the presence of this venous anomaly if venous drainage from the SVC is not adequately obtained using cannula of the recommended size.

Citizen Journalism vs. Mainstream Media

Citizen journalism is news that comes from the larger public and not well- known and legitimate news agencies like, The Washington Post or The Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Citizen journalism can be most recognized in the form of blogs or wiki sites. 15211 is a citizen journalism site that is based in Mt. Washington which is a small part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The title of the blog relates to the blog because it is the zip code for Mount Washington residents.The blog discusses current events that are going on in the Mount Washington area only; the site masters are completely open to criticism and understand that not everyone agrees or likes what is being discussed. A mainstream media outlet close to Mount Washington is the Pittsburgh Post Gazette. This newspaper discusses everything from sports to local news to country wide and international affairs. Although there is an opinion section in the paper, it is not all opinion based like a blog.Also, newspapers provide other things than just news whether it is informative or opinionated; it also provides coupons for state wide stores and allows their audience to connect to other websites such as job search sites. The Pittsburgh Post Gazette provides a wide range of informative topics to appeal to a wide range of publics. Since newspapers are losing their appeal to the newer generations they must start finding new ways to attract people to read and subscribe to their publication.Although many publics in today’s society prefer mainstream media to citizen journalism, there are many pros to blogs and wiki sites. For instance the blog, 15211 is targeted to a specific public (audience) which are the people of Mount Washington, a small part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as it says in the about us section. Having a target audience allows for more freedom to write about anything related to that topic and not receiving many contradictory statements or backlash opinions.Although most blogs have a targeted audience, backl ash comes with the territory and one of the things that 15211 says is, â€Å"Sometimes you’ll like what you read, other times you won’t. That is the point of a blog and we intend to keep true to the medium. We know that our opinions may not be yours and vice versa, but we respect the fact that you’re here†¦. † This allows more people to openly express their opinion and respond to the opinion of the creator without feeling judged.Another upside to citizen journalism is that it is very easy to share and connect with the site and the other followers. On the 15211 home page they have a tiny box in the middle of the page that allows you to share or bookmark the site to 11 different social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Google Bookmarks. On the site, the blog creators also allow people to view a live Twitter comment feed on the website so that they don’t have to have Twitter to view the comments people are making about the blog post s.Citizen Journalism good at sharing information and allowing others to participate in the discussion, but being completely opinionated and specific on one topic is not always a good thing. On negative thing about citizen journalism is that they mostly only apply to specific publics/audiences and although the internet has many different blogs and wiki sites that attract all people, it still doesn’t cover everyone, especially older generations who are against the change in the way that we view and access our information.Being able to expand to just more than one specific public might help increase the recognition just like mainstream media is. Another down side to citizen journalism is that it is all opinionated and although people like the freedom of expressing their opinion, people like facts and information that they can definitely rely on to right. After researching the 15211 site, citizen journalism seems to be on the rise and more accessible than ever with social network ing and bookmarking sites.All in all it seems as though it is becoming new way for people to express themselves without having to reveal too much about themselves like on Facebook. It also allows internet surfers to read only what they want and what they connect and agree to the most. Citizen journalism is becoming very popular and with the way technology is growing and expanding it only seems like this form of journalism will become even larger among the future generations.

Eco friendly theme parks Essay

Inquiring and analyzing Theme parks contribute to a number of environmental problems, one being air pollution. Theme parks require large amounts of energy; they need energy to power the rides, to keep the ac running, to light the park etc. Providing all this energy contributes to CO2 emissions. Not only does the park need huge amounts of energy, the transport to the theme park (e. g. cars, trains, buses etc. ) also emit CO2. Also there’s lots of excess waste produced due to the large crowds attracted to the theme park creating trash. Also, water parks use an excessive amount of water to run their water slides, this creates water wastage. Theme parks may also destroy animal and plant habitat in order for them to be built on the right location but this varies from different theme parks. Why do we need a solution? Global warming is one of the biggest issues that our generation faces, by contributing in this battle against global warming every bit helps. Creating a more ecofriendly form of entertainment can possibly help save our planet. By providing an eco friendly theme park we’re not only making teenagers more aware of our environment but we’re also saving our earth from large emissions of carbon dioxide. Theme parks are mainly here for people’s amusement and entertainment where people can relax and have fun. They’re socially beneficial to escape from one’s daily life and bond with others. Existing theme parks Theme Park Locatio n Type of Theme park Target Audienc e Are they eco friendl y? Type of polluti on caused Water/ener gy conservati on? Wastage minimizati on? Greenh ouse Gas emissio n? Ferrari World Yas. Island Amusem ent Park Families No Air Energy Yes Yes Wild Wadi Jumeir ah Water park Families No Water Water No No Disney World Americ a Amusem ent Park Families Yes Air Energy Yes Minimiz ed Six Flags Americ a Amusem ent park Teenage rs Adults No Air Energy No yes Moviepa rk Germa ny Amusem ent Families No Air Energy No Yes Identify and prioritize the primary and secondary research needed to develop a solution to the problem Conducting an online Survey using survey monkey targeting teenagers. 1) Conducting how often teenagers visit theme parks and what types to find a suitable solution (ages 14-19) of 20 students. How often do you visit a theme park? Never Once a year Once every couple of months Every months Every week What irritates you the most? Crowded areas Trash Diluted Air What type of Theme park do you prefer Water Park Amusement Park What would you think is a suitable solution against global warming? Solar panels Wind mills Recycling Hydroelectricity http://www. ehow. com/info_8483212_environmental-come-making-theme-p ark. html http://science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/energy/solar-power-help- environment. htm.

Chicago City essays

Chicago City essays People living around the world know where is United States and a lot of them dreaming to live in there. United States is a powerful and a good organized country. That is why people around the world know it. U.S. is not an old country but very big. Many years ago people with different dreams were coming there and they were trying to make those dreams come true. That country has a lot of big cities which ones are nice and has the latest architecture buildings. United States has a lot of big cities and one of them is Chicago. It is very big city in which around 2.5 million of people are living. It has a lot of huge factories and businesses. Every early morning cars, subs, and trucks are going from one place to another. Probably you can imagine how many cars are going in the Chicago city every day. That is why traffics are so bad around that territory, specially in highways every day. Of course this city has a lot of secury which helps to control and keep the city in order. The most gorgeous area in the Chicago is the Chicago Downtown which is rich in architecture buildings businesses and parks. You could see one of the highest buildings in the world which ones are in the Chicago Downtown. A lot of rich people are living in there because houses are very expensive. It has a good transportation which is very comfortable go to work or other places around. If you are living in the Chicago Downtown practically you do not need a car because it has easier ways to get yourself where you need to. Chicagos air pollution is very badly polluted but a lot of people trying to solve that problem by reducing factory work around big city. Government tries to open more parks and puts more money in the city cleaning companies for keeping the city as clean as possible. Of course it is always going to be more polluted than suburbs around the city. Like and every big city Chicago has a big crime level. It is a lot of ...

The Lesser Evil Essays - Social Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life

The Lesser Evil Essays - Social Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life The Lesser Evil Hathaway, Aaron Period 7 The Lesser Evil Barbara Harrison once said, The toughest choices in life are not those between good and evil, but those between the good and the lesser good. She makes a good point given that those are the only types of choices that we must make. Sadly, there is a third type of decision that we fear the most, the decisions between the bad and the lesser bad. Distinguishing the lesser of two evils is far more difficult than identifying the greater of two goods. Many times we are faced with situations where we are compelled to lie. Lying is wrong, but in many cases is less destructive than telling the truth. Take a police officer, for example, who has just apprehended a known criminal. Hes taken away in an ambulance before the officer could finish reading his rights. In court the officer is asked if the criminal was read his rights in full. At this point the officer could either tell the truth and let the criminal get away or lie and have him put behind bars. In this case lying would be wrong, but telling the truth would be even worse. Personal sacrifice is often one of the options when making a hard decision. In these cases we ask ourselves if we are willing to give something up in order to benefit others. At first glance this may seem like a decision between good (charity) and evil (selfishness). At a closer examination, however, we can see that in both cases one or the other party is at a financial loss. Help the starving children in India! Save the rainforest! What is it that makes us compelled to harm our checkbook? Guilt? Perhaps. Its most likely the belief that we can help a world problem by sending our money to a greedy corporation that will keep half of it for itself: a classic no-win situation. What about a decision that really makes us choose between the lesser of two evils? I though youd never ask. Hypothetical situation: You are staying in a quaint, forest cabin with your family. An earthquake hits in the middle of the night sending tons of snow and ice down onto your cabin. Sadly, a member of your family is terribly wounded when an iron support snaps under the pressure of the snow and becomes lodged in his arm. Its not serious but without antibiotics the wound becomes infected and leads to his death three days later. By this time your family is starving, having eaten the loaf of bread and box of cereal that you brought. You dare not try opening the door since it has buckled inwards from the weight of the snow. You have no idea when help will come. Heres where you must make your decision. Do you let your family starve and not desecrate your family members body or do you do the unthinkable and hold out a few more days, possibly saving the lives of your family members and yourself? Although extremely unlikely, while possible, this situation invokes the most feared type of decision imaginable. Most people, including myself, would choose not to answer on the basis that it would never happen. Its only natural for us to avoid something that we are absolutely terrified of. Often those decisions that we recall as the hardest decisions in our lives are those that force us to pick among several choices, all with unpleasant outcomes. We need to look past the small everyday decisions in life when deciding what is truly difficult. Although what Barbara Harrison said was true, she forgot to tell us that decisions between the bad and the worse are infinitely more difficult to make.

Marian Anderson Speech Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marian Anderson Speech - Coursework Example One of them includes in 1939, when the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused to allow me to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. (Brite, 2009) On August 28th, 1963, more than 250,000 people from across the United States gathered in Washington DC to join in peaceful protest against racial segregation and demanded equal rights legislation from Congress. (â€Å"We shall overcome†, n.d.) This can be considered as the most important events that occurred with the African-Americans on Easter weekend. I climbed the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to give a free concert. (Holland 2009, p.35) It was so effective, that four years later the DAR formally apologized and invited me to perform at Constitution Hall. (Holland 2009, p.35) I was on highs with the crowd who participated for the Civil Rights Movement. In the same event Martin Luther King Jr gave out the speech .It was evident that he wanted to make the crowd aware of their present scenarios and the inequalities that are prevailing all across the United Nations. His speech I have a Dream for jobs and freedom was one of the most powerful, influential and historically important speeches of its time. (Holland 2009, p.35) The way he started the speech was with eloquence and with the strategy of a politician. It was an electrifying speech. The people found it related to the experiences that they were going through. When the leader of the movement stands in support of their civil rights and motivate them towards the freedom, then we can see the revolution that takes place in an effective manner. He emphasized on the phrases in the beginning of the sentences like the â€Å"One hundred years later†, â€Å"Let freedom ring† and so forth. The repetition of â€Å"Let freedom ring† was first delivered by the black pastor Archibald Carey to the Republican National Convention in 1952.( Tuck 2010,p.318)The intention of using this phrase is to make the speech

The Risks Associated with Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Risks Associated with Outsourcing - Essay Example Offshoring refers to the location of the work while outsourcing refers to who does the work. A company may offshore without outsourcing if the jobs are relocated to its captive unit or its own office in another country (Scott, Ticoll & Murti, 2005). Thus, in general terms outsourcing refers to a buyer contracting with an outside supplier for services. Various factors are responsible for this but both the buyer and the supplier are subject to risks in different fields. Outsourcing as a cost-effective strategy has shown positive results but significant risks have to be recognized and managed. Since the company relies on some other company for its functions, they have to be managed properly otherwise it could adversely affect the customers and their operations (O’Keeffe & Vanlandingham, n.d.). As far as the buyer is concerned, delays by the supplier can affect customer satisfaction and performance level. In production units, this would mean maintaining higher levels of stocks to mitigate risks but then this involves higher working capital to be blocked. Secondly, the product or service quality may suffer in outsourcing. Hence it is important that the partners or the suppliers have to be assessed carefully before finalizing the deal. If the supplier does not have the capacity to carry out the work or have the financial stability to service the contract, it poses a risk for the buyer (McKenna & Price, 2007) Suppliers may not be financially viabl e thus exposing the buyer to supply interruption risk. Loh and Venkatraman (1995) emphasize that the control issue is the major inhibitor. Firms are reluctant in shifting the locus of competencies towards the external suppliers. This would mean that the decisions rights over the assets are vested in the vendors that might not share the same goals and objectives as the client organization. Thus, even though the benefits of outsourcing offer temptations to the client organization, the risks to have to be considered before signing the contract. Both parties face risk although the client organization is more at risk than the vendor. The skills and competencies of the vendor are critical to the success of the alliance. The client has to transfer not just the technical know-how to the supplier but also communicate the larger goals and objectives so that the vendor’s approach is in alignment with the company objectives. In fact, unless both the parties work in unison, risks would be on both sides. Â